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Caching and prefetching were used in mainframe computers dating back to the 1960s. For instance, the IBM System/360 Model 91 (1966) had a cache with prefetching. Minicomputers such as the VAX 11/780 (1977) later used caching and prefetching. However, these features took a while to trickle down to microprocessors. The Motorola 68000 (1980) had a 4-byte prefetch queue. As far as I can tell, the 8086 was the first microprocessor with a prefetch queue.
We can view the 8086 as a stepping-stone towards the large caches first used externally in the 80386 and internally in the 486. The 80186 and 80286 kept the 6-byte prefetch buffer size of the 8086. The 80386 has a 16-byte prefetch buffer, although apparently due to a bug it was shrunk to 12 bytes in later revisions. As well as the prefetch queue, the 80386 supported an external cache.
Apple may have discontinued the last of the click-wheel iPods years ago, but a large community of iPod modders resurrects them for their sound and nostalgia